Bitchy History - Episode 7： American History 101 - The Puritanical Brexit (1517-1661)

00:00:00.000 Welcome to Bitchy History, the American History podcast that takes a lot of petty enjoyment at how horrified the Puritans would be to have a queer woman telling everyone their dirty little hypocritical secrets. 1.00

00:00:11.640 Anyway, happy pride, everyone! 0.99

00:00:19.000 Well, here we are at episode 7 of Bitchy History, How Time Flies. 0.67

00:00:23.140 You know, there are lots of bits of American history that have become weapons in the politicization of American history. 0.77

00:00:29.640 But high on that list of topics are the settlers who arrived in the New World on the Mayflower in 1620.

00:00:35.200 In other words, the Pilgrims.

00:00:37.060 I'll fully admit that I have no idea what education about the Pilgrims looks like in elementary school these days.

00:00:42.820 But I clearly remember my own days in elementary school,

00:00:45.560 celebrating the first Thanksgiving with hats that had big belt buckles on them for some reason,

00:00:50.360 creating cornucopias out of construction paper,

00:00:52.800 and coloring in turkeys made by outlining our hand on a piece of paper.

00:00:55.960 I went to a private school which was connected to the Baptist Church, so my education on this

00:01:00.600 also focused a lot on how the Pilgrims came here for religious freedom to escape the oppressive

00:01:05.340 British government. From what I've been told by others, that isn't far off from how they learned

00:01:09.640 the history of the group in public school as well. If you've listened to this show for the past six

00:01:14.080 episodes, you won't exactly be shocked when I tell you that the majority of this history is 0.99

00:01:18.460 whitewashed crap. Our view of the Pilgrims is basically absolutely bunk, no better than that 0.99

00:01:23.560 thanksgiving pageant in the adams family values movie this year we depict perhaps the most

00:01:29.980 important day in our shared past the first thanksgiving a day for maize the native american

00:01:37.300 word for corn a terrific turkey dinner and brotherhood so white meat and dark meat take it

00:01:48.860 No, they didn't wear unrelieved black clothing, I've never seen any record of big hats with

00:01:54.840 gold belt buckles on them, and they didn't come to the New World for religious freedom at all.

00:01:59.400 So who were the pilgrims? What did they believe? And why did they cross the ocean to settle in

00:02:03.680 Plymouth? To really understand the situation, we have to rewind just a bit. Approximately a hundred

00:02:08.900 years to the Protestant Reformation in Europe. The Reformation was a major movement within

00:02:13.280 Western Christianity in 16th century Europe that challenged the Catholic Church and papal

00:02:17.600 authority. It arose from a perception that the Catholic Church was corrupt and abusive. But

00:02:22.220 that's in Europe. In England, we'd see our religious schism come from a less principled

00:02:26.220 and more self-serving issue. The Reformation couldn't have come at a better time for King

00:02:30.780 Henry VIII. The Catholic Church wouldn't approve his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. And the

00:02:35.100 Reformation is sweeping Europe. And Henry got a bright idea. Why don't I just start my own

00:02:40.380 religion? Then I can grant myself a divorce. And yes, I am drastically simplifying this. This is 1.00

00:02:46.760 an American history podcast, not a British history podcast. Anyway, with this, the Church of England,

00:02:52.080 which will also be known as the Anglican Church, is formed, and they officially break England away

00:02:56.080 from the Catholic Church in 1534, making Henry the head of the church. Technically, you could

00:03:01.120 consider this part of the Reformation. I mean, it can't be coincidental that Henry got this idea

00:03:05.380 only a decade after Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. But rather

00:03:09.620 than being a split based on any actual theological issues of merit, it was more to suit Henry's own

00:03:14.640 needs. As a result, the Church of England remained in practice very similar to the Roman Catholic

00:03:19.860 Church in a lot of ways, which is where the problem with the Puritans in England begins.

00:03:25.040 Puritans fell into two real groups, the regular Puritans, the ones who want to purify, hence the

00:03:29.800 name, the Church of England from Catholic influences. Puritan 2.0, on the other hand,

00:03:34.820 they're also known as the Separatists, and they feel the Church of England is beyond reform,

00:03:38.840 utterly hopeless, and they just want a clean break from the whole system. They didn't necessarily

00:03:43.120 want to burn the system down, though. Not at first. They just wanted to form their own churches,

00:03:47.560 not necessarily worship the way the state told them to. Which, okay, fine, that makes sense.

00:03:52.260 But they were real downers about everything, and they didn't want anyone having any fun.

00:03:57.620 They were teetotalers. They wanted to outlaw non-religious activities like drinking and sports

00:04:02.180 on Sundays. They didn't like dancing. They didn't like gambling. They didn't like the theater.

00:04:06.800 Basically, they didn't like fun. Anything outside of pious religious practice was a problem for them,

00:04:12.540 and the Separatists were worse than most. 1.00

00:04:14.800 The height of their influence and English annoyance with them 1.00

00:04:17.560 would be a couple of decades after the Pilgrims arrived in the New World, actually, 0.64

00:04:21.740 because only a handful of Separatists end up leaving England for the New World.

00:04:25.500 And since this isn't a British history class,

00:04:27.500 we'll leave the discussion of Cromwell's England for another time.

00:04:31.080 Actually, we'll get back to it more when we talk about the American Revolution,

00:04:34.700 for reasons. You'll understand when we get there.

00:04:37.920 The Puritans followed the teachings of Martin Luther,

00:04:39.840 reformer numero uno and john calvin one of my least favorite religious leaders ever of all time

00:04:46.680 i'm serious i'm just letting you know that so you know that i have a bias here also i can't help but

00:04:51.660 tell anyone i ever speak to about how much i despise calvin whenever he comes up in conversation

00:04:56.400 which happens a lot more than you'd think in my field for some reason puritans believed in two

00:05:01.540 major principles the bible is the supreme authority and the individual has a direct

00:05:06.020 relationship with God. No priest or religious institution required. They also had a lot of

00:05:11.020 core beliefs about the nature of humanity and God. Mankind is rooted in sin, thanks a lot Eve,

00:05:16.360 and there's no crime that humanity is incapable of committing due to this. They believed in

00:05:20.860 predestination, which is far too complex an idea to unpack in this podcast, but in short it is the

00:05:26.380 religious doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the

00:05:30.500 eventual fate of the individual soul, which kind of goes along with the next belief, that God is

00:05:35.000 the absolute sovereign. Nothing happens outside his knowledge or power. They believed in covenant

00:05:39.560 theology, that there was a contract between God and his followers. This also governed the way they

00:05:44.500 formed social relationships and civil ones. They also believed strongly in education, which is

00:05:49.140 about the first positive thing I can really say about them, honestly. Education was a bulwark

00:05:53.840 against Satan. Being literate allowed people to read the Bible, which meant they valued literacy

00:05:58.080 for both men and women. So now that you understand who the Puritans were, we can begin to discuss

00:06:03.240 what brought them to the New World. As I mentioned earlier, the Puritans were kind of buzzkills, 0.76

00:06:07.860 but more importantly to the very territorial Church of England, they were refusing to attend 1.00

00:06:12.140 their parish churches and instead setting up their own. The government began oppressing them

00:06:16.380 and imposing fines on them because of this, which is objectively a pretty shitty thing to do from

00:06:20.900 the perspective of our modern concepts of freedom of religion, which didn't really exist at this

00:06:25.780 point in history. Except in one place, the Netherlands. So with the government making it

00:06:30.960 increasingly clear that the Puritans weren't welcome, some of them decided to cut their losses

00:06:35.460 and immigrate. They moved to the Netherlands, specifically the city of Leiden, which is about

00:06:39.460 25 miles south of Amsterdam. And coincidentally, also where I went to graduate school. They actually

00:06:44.860 have a pilgrim museum there, if you're ever in Leiden. In the aftermath of the Dutch revolt and

00:06:49.640 Spanish Inquisition... Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!

00:06:56.580 ah wow sorry about that every time i say that phrase i get this weird glitch in garage band

00:07:02.280 i'm working on it anyway in the aftermath of the dutch revolt and the uh regrettable religious

00:07:08.600 genocide by the spanish the dutch were a lot more tolerant of religious differences except for

00:07:14.080 catholics they weren't really fond of catholics but the puritans didn't like the catholics either

00:07:18.240 so that worked out after several years of living in the netherlands marrying having children and

00:07:23.460 burying some of their leaders in St. Peter's Church in the city center, a few of them got so

00:07:28.000 aggressively isolationist that living in a place where they were allowed to practice their religion

00:07:32.520 wasn't good enough anymore. The Netherlands was just too tolerant, you see. They didn't just allow

00:07:38.320 the Puritans to practice their religion in a largely Calvinist country, they also allowed 0.90

00:07:43.160 Jews to practice their faith and hold office for shame. The Union of Utrecht in 1579, which was kind

00:07:50.300 of the birth certificate and informal constitution of the Dutch Republic had guaranteed that each

00:07:56.020 person shall remain free in his religion and that no one shall be investigated or persecuted because

00:08:01.400 of his religion. And this was just too much for the Puritans to take. Some of the more extreme

00:08:06.640 Puritans living there feared that their children were being influenced by this liberal culture

00:08:10.560 and were becoming too Dutch and that the Dutch toleration of all religious ideas would inevitably

00:08:15.060 corrupt their faith. William Bradford, one of the governors of Plymouth Colony, wrote that the

00:08:19.820 children were being drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses.

00:08:25.540 So this small extremist sect of an already small extremist group decided that their best option

00:08:31.440 would be to further isolate themselves by building a new colony where they could write their own rules

00:08:35.900 on religious toleration, namely that the only religion they would tolerate was Puritanism.

00:08:41.300 So Robert Cushman and John Carver are sent off to England to apply for a land patent.

00:08:45.700 Their negotiations are delayed, but ultimately a patent is secured with the condition that

00:08:49.720 this land patent did not constitute any official recognition of the Leiden group's religion by the

00:08:55.220 king. There's a lot of negotiations and paperwork between the acquisition of the land grant and them

00:09:00.420 actually leaving but most of it's related to internal English and Dutch issues which are

00:09:04.920 ultimately not the point of this episode so I'll skip it. The important thing is that the land

00:09:09.220 patent is granted on June 9th 1619 and after over a year of preparations and negotiations the Mayflower

00:09:15.220 and the Speedwell finally set sail for the New World on August 5th, 1620. They had further

00:09:20.700 problems with the Speedwell, and before they reached Devon, it was decided that the ship

00:09:24.240 wasn't actually seaworthy, and they had to transfer everyone to the Mayflower. This reduces the number

00:09:29.460 of settlers from 120 to 102. It takes 66 days to make the crossing from England, and on November

00:09:35.720 9th, they finally sighted land, which was likely a great relief. The crossing had been an absolute

00:09:40.480 nightmare. There had been a number of complications with their charter, and technically they arrived

00:09:45.200 in the New World without one, which complicated a lot of things, namely the governing of the new

00:09:49.500 colony. The Leiden congregants end up drafting a brief contract known as the Mayflower Compact,

00:09:55.300 which promises cooperation among the settlers for the general good of the colony and to which we

00:10:00.460 promise all due submission and obedience. It was ratified by a majority ruling, with 41 adult male

00:10:05.900 pilgrims signing for all 102 passengers. The Plymouth Colony would soon be followed by the

00:10:11.400 Massachusetts Bay Colony, which is founded in 1628, around the areas of Salem and Boston.

00:10:16.940 Around 20,000 people would migrate to this area in New England during the 1630s, most of them

00:10:21.640 Puritan and governed by Puritan teachings. It was also the first slave-holding colony in New

00:10:26.200 England and the first English chartered colony whose board of governors did not live in England.

00:10:30.320 Instead, it was governed by locals. This independence made it very easy to ensure

00:10:34.720 that only Puritans held these positions, which allowed the settlers to maintain a very strict

00:10:39.300 hold on the religious practices of their community, and the religion was Puritanism. The Puritanical

00:10:44.820 rule of law in the area would greatly contribute to something we'll talk about in a future episode,

00:10:49.240 the New England witch trial craze, but it also meant that there was little to no tolerance for

00:10:53.400 anyone with differing religious beliefs. Anglicans, Quakers, Baptists, everyone was consistently

00:10:59.000 oppressed, and for all those people that seemed to think that the Puritans were the backbone of

00:11:02.940 American ideology, John Winthrop, one of the governors in the Massachusetts Bay Colony,

00:11:07.400 thought that democracy was the meanest and worst of all forms of government.

00:11:12.000 So no democracy and no religious freedom.

00:11:14.600 This is looking less and less like they inspired America,

00:11:17.100 but more and more like they might get along great with a certain political party

00:11:20.540 that thinks America should be like this.

00:11:23.220 But enough about that.

00:11:24.680 What you can take away from all of this strict religious rule 0.99

00:11:27.140 is that the Pilgrims were hypocrites. 0.89

00:11:29.000 It wasn't that they were mad about the lack of religious freedom in England. 0.95

00:11:32.160 They'd just been mad that it wasn't the Puritans making the theocratic rules for everyone.

00:11:36.540 So when they arrived in the New World and could set up their own rule of law,

00:11:39.600 it was very much freedom for me and not for thee.

00:11:42.620 They were the only ones allowed to have freedom to worship the way they wanted.

00:11:45.560 No other religious orders need apply.

00:11:47.860 We can see this in how they treated any Puritan that questioned the established order

00:11:51.580 or any non-Puritan who dared to speak publicly about their different religious beliefs.

00:11:56.040 For the sake of time, we'll only go over a few of these,

00:11:58.480 just to give you the vibe of the Puritans towards quote-unquote heretics.

00:12:03.100 We'll start with the Boston Martyrs, which is the title given by Quaker tradition to the four Quakers executed under Puritan rule.

00:12:09.560 These were Marmaduke Stevenson and William Robinson in 1659, Mary Dyer in 1660, and William Ledra in 1661.

00:12:17.960 Quakers had been arriving in the Massachusetts Bay Colony since the early 1650s,

00:12:21.980 and the Puritans were horrified by these hippie religious types that were swanning in and sharing their views on religion

00:12:27.660 and their wild ideas about abolition and gender equality.

00:12:31.380 Massachusetts enacts their first ban on Quakers in 1656,

00:12:35.180 but punishments ranging from imprisonment to whippings to mutilation

00:12:38.660 were not enough to keep the Quakers down. 0.97

00:12:41.020 So in 1658, the colony ordered all Quakers banished from their colony

00:12:44.860 under penalty of death. 1.00

00:12:46.760 Now, to be fair, these Quakers were definitely being disruptive, 0.91

00:12:50.000 but if being obnoxious and disruptive in public is a hanging offense, 0.99

00:12:53.440 the number of multi-level marketing scheme invitations I get on Facebook

00:12:56.800 would drop off overnight to zero. 0.99

00:12:59.780 These were not the peaceful, non-confrontational Quakers of today. 1.00

00:13:03.220 They were aggressive proselytizers who were preaching about the end times and hellfire and damnation, 0.94

00:13:08.400 which, speaking from experience as someone raised in hellfire and damnation-style Baptist churches,

00:13:14.400 gets pretty annoying pretty fast. 0.92

00:13:16.400 But the hanging still seems like an unnecessary escalation.

00:13:21.160 And it wasn't just the Quakers that got into trouble with the authorities.

00:13:23.900 Many times it was Puritans themselves who got themselves in deep trouble just for questioning

00:13:28.640 the leadership. Two notable figures from this period who did just that were Roger Williams

00:13:33.260 and Anne Hutchinson. Roger Williams was a New England Puritan minister and theologian. He

00:13:38.220 arrived in Boston in 1631 and immediately started making waves with some very un-Puritan pronouncements.

00:13:44.720 He told the civil magistrates of Boston that they should not be punishing citizens for breach of the

00:13:49.440 first table of the Ten Commandments, i.e., you know, those rules about idolatry, blasphemy,

00:13:54.680 worshiping other gods, honoring the Sabbath, and he said that all individuals should be free to

00:13:59.100 decide their own convictions about religion. He also started asking some really hard questions

00:14:04.120 about the validity of the colonial land charters once he met the local native tribes, making the

00:14:09.080 point that the colonial charters didn't actually purchase any of the land from the original

00:14:13.240 inhabitants, and even calls King James a liar in a pamphlet he publishes in 1632, at which point no

00:14:19.900 one, Puritan or not, really liked him. Between 1633 and 1635, Williams was brought up before

00:14:26.380 the magistrates twice, and by October of 1635, he was being tried for sedition and heresy,

00:14:32.140 that he was spreading diverse new and dangerous opinions. Come to think of it, Ron DeSantis would

00:14:38.060 make a really good Puritan magistrate. Williams was banished in the middle of winter, and he

00:14:42.420 ended up being offered shelter by the Wampanoag tribe for three months until spring came.

00:14:46.880 The leader of the Wampanoag, Massasoit, would end up selling Williams' land near what's now

00:14:51.200 Rumford, Rhode Island, where Williams would begin building a new settlement. That land ends up being

00:14:56.160 a little bit too close to Plymouth Colony, however, and Williams would have to move once more,

00:15:00.740 this time purchasing land from the Narragansett tribe, which he would name Providence Plantations.

00:15:05.320 This would become Providence, Rhode Island, a haven for those of distressed conscience who

00:15:10.280 did not agree with the authoritarian theocracy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Williams established

00:15:15.400 a democratic government where a far more American concept held sway. Separation of church and state.

00:15:21.480 In his 1644, A Plea for Religious Liberty, Williams put it this way,

00:15:26.200 God requireth not a uniformity of religion to be enacted and enforced in any civil state,

00:15:31.440 which enforced uniformity sooner or later is the greatest occasion of civil war, 0.77

00:15:35.920 ravishing of conscience, persecution of Christ Jesus and his servants, and of hypocrisy and

00:15:40.980 destruction of millions of souls. That's more poetic than let people worship God how they want

00:15:45.940 you stupid theocratic fascists, but basically the same vibe. Around the same time Roger Williams was 0.99

00:15:52.320 pissing off the leadership, Anne Hutchinson was beginning to do the same thing. Anne Hutchinson

00:15:56.900 was a religious reformer who was so popular that she helped create a theological schism in the 0.93

00:16:01.460 Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson was inspired by the absolute grace teachings of Reverend John

00:16:06.780 Cotton, who believed that salvation was not based on behavior, but through the choice of religious

00:16:11.220 conversion, which he said infused the body with divine grace. Hutchinson began holding her own

00:16:16.700 meetings in her home, preaching her own message. Then John Cotton left England, and Hutchinson felt

00:16:21.440 led to follow him all the way to New England. Hutchinson and her husband and their 11 children,

00:16:26.360 yes, eleven, you heard that right, came to Boston in 1634, where she continued to hold meetings in

00:16:32.460 her own home, which were so popular that she was soon hosting 60 or more people a week.

00:16:37.460 Her theological interpretations began diverging more and more from the legalistic views found

00:16:42.280 among the colony's ministers, and soon the ministers of the colony found out, and they

00:16:46.640 were not at all pleased. They called on her to stop these meetings, believing that her unauthorized

00:16:51.820 religious gatherings might confuse the faithful. Tension continued to grow, especially when

00:16:56.860 Hutchinson began to organize dissent against the preaching of senior pastor John Wilson,

00:17:01.420 whose theology she found especially disagreeable. She was disruptive during his sermons and

00:17:06.560 occasionally organized her allies to simply get up and walk out every time he spoke.

00:17:11.340 In 1636, she and her supporters were accused of heresy, and I could get into the specifics of that

00:17:17.240 accusation, but honestly, you'd all fall asleep. Suffice to say that she was not following the

00:17:22.660 quote-unquote rules, and she was a woman with opinions. She's brought to trial in November of

00:17:27.800 1637, where she's officially charged with slandering the ministers of the colony and

00:17:32.400 troubling the peace of the commonwealth and churches through promoting divisive opinions 1.00

00:17:36.580 and teachings. So like Williams, she was spreading diverse, new, and dangerous opinions.

00:17:42.220 Unfortunately, the court had neglected to make sure they actually had any proof of this.

00:17:46.480 Hutchinson had never spoken her views in public, and she'd certainly never written them down,

00:17:50.500 and she basically refused to answer any questions in court the first day.

00:17:54.320 However, in the end, she was a woman with opinions, and much like me, she couldn't contain them,

00:17:59.220 and they eventually came boiling out of her.

00:18:01.540 On the second day of court, she spoke.

00:18:03.880 You have no power over my body, neither can you do me any harm,

00:18:07.300 for I am in the hands of the eternal Jehovah, my Savior.

00:18:10.160 I am at his appointment, and the bounds of my habitation are cast in heaven.

00:18:13.820 No further do I esteem of any mortal man than creatures in his hand.

00:18:18.300 I fear none but the great Jehovah, which hath foretold me of these things,

00:18:21.920 and I do verily believe that he will deliver me out of your hands.

00:18:25.120 Therefore, take heed how you proceed against me.

00:18:27.760 For I know that, for this you go about to do to me,

00:18:30.280 God will ruin you and your posterity and this whole state.

00:18:34.200 This was considered both seditious and in contempt of court.

00:18:37.580 She was ultimately called a heretic and an instrument of the devil 0.85

00:18:40.760 and condemned to banishment by the court 0.98

00:18:42.700 as being a woman not fit for our society.

00:18:45.920 Roger Williams reached out and convinced Anne and her supporters

00:18:48.520 to settle near his new colony at Rhode Island.

00:18:51.260 Hutchinson, her children, and the others accompanying her

00:18:53.720 traveled more than six days by foot in April snow

00:18:56.580 to get from Boston to Roger Williams' settlement at Providence.

00:19:00.200 Before we close out this section,

00:19:01.740 I would also like to mention Mary Dyer once more along with Anne.

00:19:05.300 Both women suffered miscarriages or stillbirths at some point

00:19:08.540 during their disagreements with the Puritan leadership.

00:19:11.140 In both cases, the leadership was positively gleeful over this,

00:19:14.720 just in case you didn't already hate them.

00:19:17.200 The leaders classified the women's misfortune as the judgment of God.

00:19:20.980 John Winthrop wrote, 0.96

00:19:22.100 She brought forth not one, but thirty monstrous births or thereabouts,

00:19:26.100 then continued,

00:19:27.400 See how the wisdom of God fitted this judgment to her sin every way,

00:19:31.440 for look, as she had vented misshapen opinions, 0.98

00:19:34.440 so she must bring forth deformed monsters. 0.92

00:19:37.680 They also greatly celebrated her death,

00:19:39.840 with Reverend Thomas Weld writing,

00:19:41.980 The Lord heard our groans to heaven and freed us from our great and sore affliction.

00:19:46.960 And Pastor Peter Bulkley wrote, 0.68

00:19:48.860 Let her damned heresy and the just vengeance of God by which she perished 0.99

00:19:52.700 terrify all her seduced followers from having any more to do with her. 0.99

00:19:56.780 So not only were they cruel and petty theocrats, but the Puritans held a grudge. 0.96

00:20:01.260 Not very Christian, if you ask me. 0.93

00:20:03.380 But what do I know?

00:20:04.340 I'm just a woman with a lot of opinions.

00:20:06.720 I'd be strung up alongside Mary Dyer in seconds if I was stuck back in 1660.

00:20:11.720 That's it for today.

00:20:12.740 For those of you who are mad that I didn't cover the first Thanksgiving,

00:20:15.620 I promise we are going to get there.

00:20:17.620 But I really needed for you to understand the Puritans and their mindset

00:20:20.800 before we get to the rest of the episodes dealing with their history in America. 0.92

00:20:24.760 Thank you for listening to Bitchy History. 0.98

00:20:26.380 On Thursday, we'll be back with a topic that I always really enjoy, 0.99

00:20:29.880 the New England Witch Trials.

00:20:31.300 We'll probably talk a bit about the European Witch Trials, too, 0.64

00:20:34.160 because it's my show and I do what I want.

00:20:36.160 but it will mostly be the New England Witch Trials.

00:20:39.080 Also, as this is Pride Month, at some point this month,

00:20:41.720 I will be teaming up with another creator to do an episode on the history of drag in America,

00:20:45.880 and I am so excited for this.

00:20:47.720 We aren't sure exactly when the episode will be happening,

00:20:50.480 but you will get it before the month is out.

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00:21:36.160 Thank you. 1.00

Bitchy History - June 05, 2023

Episode 7： American History 101 - The Puritanical Brexit (1517-1661)

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