Bitchy History - June 12, 2023


Episode 9： American History 101 – The First Thanksgiving


Episode Stats


Length

22 minutes

Words per minute

185.64

Word count

4,241

Sentence count

164

Harmful content

Misogyny

4

sentences flagged


Transcript

Transcript generated with Whisper (turbo).
Misogyny classifications generated with MilaNLProc/bert-base-uncased-ear-misogyny .
00:00:00.000 Welcome to Bitchy History, the American History podcast that would like to remind you that we have Thanksgiving dinners to thank for the creation of Tucker Carlson's family wealth, and that's enough of a reason to have a problem with this holiday.
00:00:17.100 Before we get started with the show today, there's a couple of new features on the podcast website that you might want to check out.
00:00:22.620 The first is that the website now has a new URL.
00:00:25.940 Rather than typing in all of that podpage.com backslash nonsense, 1.00
00:00:30.260 just type in bitchyhistory.com and you'll get to the site. 0.99
00:00:33.580 You know, when I bought that URL, the hosting company tried to warn me off of it 1.00
00:00:37.440 because it might potentially offend someone.
00:00:40.440 Yeah, that's like the whole point.
00:00:42.160 I'm afraid that ship has sailed.
00:00:43.800 I'm not changing the podcast name and you'll all just have to live with it.
00:00:47.300 The website now also has a page of affiliate links to various books I recommend,
00:00:51.100 ranging from women's history to american history some of them are related to topics previously
00:00:55.780 covered on the podcast or ones that will be covered in the future and i will continue to
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00:01:16.860 Now on to the main show. 0.98
00:01:18.700 Welcome to episode 9 of Bitchy History, where we will finally talk about the history of the quote-unquote first Thanksgiving.
00:01:25.880 And I put heavy emphasis on the quotes here because it was neither the first celebratory meal of gratitude between Europeans and natives,
00:01:33.340 and by European standards, it also wasn't a Thanksgiving at all.
00:01:37.100 But we'll get into how the modern-day view of this event came about later in this episode.
00:01:41.420 As I mentioned in episode 7 when I first introduced the concept of the Puritans and their journey to America to this show, most of us grew up with a very child-friendly view of the first Thanksgiving.
00:01:52.980 Squanto helped the Pilgrims grow their crops, and in return, the Pilgrims expressed their gratitude by extending an invitation to Squanto's tribe to join their festivities on the first Thanksgiving.
00:02:03.960 Nope, sorry, it didn't happen that way.
00:02:06.400 And as we got older, some of us learned a much darker version of the story about the Pilgrims and the Natives.
00:02:12.360 We learned of murder and war and oppression, and that became the grim, dark version of the first Thanksgiving.
00:02:18.100 Kind of like what would happen if you set the writing team from Riverdale loose on Charlie Brown's Thanksgiving special.
00:02:24.400 But seriously, though, how did Archie Comics go from this...
00:02:28.160 Archie's here.
00:02:31.800 Betty's here for Monica II.
00:02:35.060 To this.
00:02:35.760 i just have you know a couple of questions that's all but that's a topic for a very different
00:02:54.000 podcast not just a different episode one day i'll start a scathing pop culture review podcast
00:02:59.580 just to be able to have an excuse to mock riverdale but that's not the point of today
00:03:04.280 So that grim, dark version of illness, oppression, and death,
00:03:07.900 how does that one pass the accuracy test as far as the first Thanksgiving goes?
00:03:13.760 I mean, here's the thing.
00:03:15.100 It's less wrong in some ways,
00:03:17.120 at least in the greater context of how the relationship between the pilgrims and natives would end up playing out,
00:03:22.460 but it just skips a few steps between that first successful harvest feast and the massacring of the natives.
00:03:28.540 The so-called first Thanksgiving and the relationship between the natives and Puritans of Plymouth
00:03:32.900 was neither as friendly as our childhood Thanksgiving pageants made it seem,
00:03:37.280 nor as violent and oppressive as our modern understanding of colonialist oppression might
00:03:41.700 make it seem. The violence would come, make no mistake, but for one brief moment and place in
00:03:47.320 time and geography, cooperation between natives and English colonizers seemed possible before the
00:03:53.520 English Puritans completely demolished that opportunity. So what actually happened with that
00:03:58.680 first Thanksgiving. Well, first of all, the Pilgrims were not the first Europeans to come
00:04:03.000 to that area of the New World. In fact, the area of Plymouth wasn't even named by the Pilgrims.
00:04:08.340 In 1616, Captain John Smith, yes, that John Smith, surveyed the area of New England and created a map
00:04:15.280 of the area. On that map, he labeled the area of what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, as New Plymouth.
00:04:21.780 In a description of New England, Smith endorsed New Plymouth as an excellent good harbor, good land,
00:04:26.820 and no want of anything but industrious people.
00:04:30.060 Peter Firstbrook, in his book A Man Most Driven,
00:04:32.640 points out that Smith rather completely ignored the fact
00:04:35.840 that there were industrious native people there already,
00:04:38.800 which is definitely fair.
00:04:40.440 Colonialist types of this period did that a lot.
00:04:43.280 By the way, if you have an interest in Firstbrook's book,
00:04:45.500 a link to it is listed on my website.
00:04:47.920 In any case, there had been Europeans coming and going from this area for a while now,
00:04:52.300 so the pilgrims were not coming into a vacuum
00:04:54.640 where the natives had no understanding of or experience with white people.
00:04:58.700 And so far, that experience had been not great.
00:05:03.160 So the Pilgrims make landfall at Plymouth on November 11th, 1620.
00:05:07.080 And for any of you that have experienced a Massachusetts winter,
00:05:10.160 it should be clear why that's a problem.
00:05:12.420 They didn't have an established colony,
00:05:14.180 and winter was far colder than they'd been prepared for.
00:05:17.000 Despite this, they begin to look for a settlement site,
00:05:19.380 because that's kind of the whole point of being there.
00:05:21.720 By mid-December, they've settled on an abandoned village which had previously been inhabited by the Patuxet tribe.
00:05:27.940 But what will they do when the Patuxet come back?
00:05:30.180 Oh, don't worry about that.
00:05:31.360 The Patuxet are basically all dead because of an epidemic, probably caused by European diseases.
00:05:36.340 So no one is using this village right now.
00:05:39.260 It's free real estate.
00:05:40.720 But even though they had finally chosen a settlement site, because they arrived very late in the season,
00:05:45.620 the building of houses was delayed, and the colonists had to basically spend most of their winter on board the ship.
00:05:51.480 Most of the passengers got sick.
00:05:53.320 Many suffered from scurvy, which, as a side note, is my worst nightmare.
00:05:57.720 I eat vitamin C like it's candy.
00:05:59.840 Look up the symptoms of scurvy if you want to also begin mainlining orange juice like it's the only thing between you and death.
00:06:06.040 Anyway, 45 of the original 102 colonists end up dying that winter, which is a pretty high death toll.
00:06:12.920 After that harrowing winter, the Pilgrims would begin to build up their settlement in the Massachusetts Bay Area.
00:06:18.920 The Pilgrims wouldn't make contact with the local natives until March of 1621,
00:06:23.220 which makes a lot of sense.
00:06:24.360 The natives were like me, not going anywhere once it starts to snow
00:06:28.180 unless it's 100% necessary for survival.
00:06:31.180 Samoset, an Abenaki chief who spoke some English,
00:06:34.060 is the first of the native tribes to make contact with the colonists.
00:06:37.320 Samoset gives them the rundown of all the local important leaders of the region,
00:06:41.040 including the chief of the Wampanoag tribe, Massasoit.
00:06:44.280 If you listened to Episode 7, that name should be a little bit familiar to you.
00:06:47.820 the Wampanoag tribe under the leadership of Massasoit is where Roger Williams goes to stay
00:06:52.820 after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the very least, we know that Williams
00:06:57.260 had maintained friendly relationships with the Wampanoag well into the 1630s. Samuset agrees to
00:07:03.180 arrange a meeting with Massasoit, which will begin a mutually beneficial trade agreement between the
00:07:07.680 two groups, as well as a treaty in which both groups would provide aid for the other when they
00:07:12.100 were in conflict, like a very small 17th century version of NAFTA and NATO. The Pilgrims had
00:07:18.240 arrived at a great time to make friends with the Wampanoag. The tribe had been hard hit by the
00:07:22.760 1617 epidemic, which had probably been smallpox, and they were at war with the Narragansett tribe
00:07:28.440 when the Pilgrims arrived. This means that the Wampanoag were open to alliance with the newcomers
00:07:32.940 who had weapons and resources that the Wampanoag needed, and vice versa. A great deal of this would
00:07:38.740 be helped along by a former member of the Patuxent tribe, you know, the one that was 90% wiped out,
00:07:44.180 named Tisquantum, better known to American schoolchildren as Squanto. William Bradford
00:07:49.080 described Squanto as a special instrument sent of God in his book of Plymouth Plantation.
00:07:54.900 Squanto's interactions with Europeans prior to this hadn't given him the best first impression
00:07:59.440 of colonists and explorers, and it starts far before his meetings with the pilgrims.
00:08:04.300 Six years before the Mayflower arrived, a slave trader captured Squanto along with several others of his tribe and sold them into slavery.
00:08:12.100 While he was gone from his tribe, illness wiped out about 90% of the coastal tribes, hitting his own tribe especially hard.
00:08:19.260 Eventually, he would escape and make his way back to his home around 1619, only to find it deserted.
00:08:24.800 Nothing greeted him but the bones of his fellow tribesmen. He realized he was the sole survivor of his village.
00:08:30.560 The illness had spread so quickly that many local tribes never had time to bury their dead.
00:08:35.360 Though the Wampanoag were not his tribe, Squanto was taken in by them,
00:08:39.000 likely as a captive or servant rather than a full member of the tribe.
00:08:42.880 Due to his English-speaking abilities, which he had learned during the period in which he was enslaved,
00:08:47.440 Massasoit used him as a translator for his interactions with the pilgrims,
00:08:50.920 and Squanto established himself as a key resource for the pilgrims at Plymouth,
00:08:55.360 teaching them how to survive and negotiating between the native tribes and the colonists.
00:08:59.700 He also assisted in the construction of the Treaty of Peace between the settlers and the Wampanoag tribe,
00:09:04.500 which heavily favored the English, to be honest.
00:09:07.140 Squanto soon moved to the settlement and helped the newcomers learn to farm efficiently in the native way,
00:09:12.000 which, yes, did include using fish to fertilize the soil.
00:09:15.500 Our elementary school teachers didn't lead us astray with that one.
00:09:18.780 And this leads us to the actual first Thanksgiving at Plymouth.
00:09:22.420 What do we actually know about this feast that is supposed to have occurred sometime in the autumn of 1621?
00:09:27.600 It turns out, not much, actually.
00:09:31.480 There's very little detail in the written records,
00:09:33.780 because no one at the time really ascribed much importance to the event
00:09:37.260 as far as their written records were concerned.
00:09:39.740 Holding a feast around harvest time wasn't very unusual.
00:09:42.900 This was a typical thing done by most farming communities.
00:09:46.240 The starvation and death of the previous winter would have made a feast
00:09:49.440 celebrating their good fortune even more appealing at this point.
00:09:53.140 Here's what the surviving written record of the Plymouth Colony says
00:09:56.180 about this first Thanksgiving.
00:09:58.180 William Bradford writes in Of Plymouth Plantation,
00:10:00.980 They began now to gather in the small harvest they had and to prepare their houses for the winter,
00:10:06.240 being well recovered in health and strength and plentifully provisioned.
00:10:09.820 For while some had been thus employed in affairs away from home,
00:10:12.920 others were occupied in fishing for cod, bass, and other fish, of which they had caught a good quantity,
00:10:17.940 every family having their portion.
00:10:19.900 All the summer there was no want, and now as winter approached, wild fowl began to arrive,
00:10:24.420 of which there were plenty when they came here first, though afterwards they became more scarce.
00:10:29.340 As well as wild fowl, they got abundance of wild turkeys, besides venison, etc. Each person had
00:10:35.180 about a peck of meal a week, or now, since harvest, Indian corn in that proportion, and afterward many
00:10:41.180 wrote at length about their plenty to their friends in England, not feigned, but true reports.
00:10:46.440 Edward Winslow and William Bradford also penned a book called Mort's Relation,
00:10:50.600 Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth, which tells a similar story.
00:10:54.900 Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling
00:10:58.500 that so we might, after a more special manner, rejoice together
00:11:01.600 after we had gathered the fruit of our labors.
00:11:04.220 They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with little help besides,
00:11:08.240 served the company almost a week,
00:11:10.000 at which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms.
00:11:14.000 Many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest,
00:11:16.980 their greatest king, Massasoit, with some 90 men,
00:11:19.580 who for three days we entertained and feasted and they went out and killed five deer which they
00:11:24.540 brought the plantation and bestowed on our governor and although it not always so plentiful as it was
00:11:29.980 at this time with us yet by the goodness of god we are so far from want that we often wish you
00:11:35.080 partakers of our plenty and in new england's memorial by nathaniel morton there's an even
00:11:40.480 more brief mention of the event being now well recovered in respect of health as hath been said
00:11:46.240 they began to fit up their buildings against winter and received in their first harvest and
00:11:50.640 had great plenty of fowl and fish to their great refreshing. And that's it. Nothing of note really,
00:11:56.320 just a standard harvest meal, which probably only got a mention because it was the first
00:12:00.480 successful crop and would mean that the coming winter would not be nearly as harsh as the first
00:12:04.740 one the pilgrims had lived through. It's not exactly the makings of a story so grand that it
00:12:09.420 needs to be a national holiday that students reenact in schools every November. And in fact,
00:12:14.600 only one version of this story even mentions the attendance of the native tribes. The other two
00:12:19.740 just make vague mentions of a plentiful harvest which would see them through the winter. Some
00:12:24.040 readings of these historical documents have even led people to doubt that the tribes were actually
00:12:28.360 invited to this party at all. In Mort's relation, it seems to indicate that the exercising of arms,
00:12:34.360 i.e. shooting guns into the air in celebration, which honestly is the most American part of this
00:12:39.460 whole story in many ways, was the thing that led Massasoit to bring 90 of his men to the defense
00:12:45.080 of his allies because he believed that they were under attack. Once they arrived and saw it was a
00:12:49.660 party, they killed some deer and essentially invited themselves to the celebration. And this
00:12:54.460 wasn't even the first time that it happened. The Wampanoag were very sociable neighbors, a fact
00:12:58.940 which had previously caused much dismay to the pilgrims because they hadn't had the food or
00:13:03.320 supplies to host the frequent number of times that the natives had just dropped by for tea
00:13:07.860 without so much as a call to warn them that they were on their way over,
00:13:11.180 which is also mentioned in Mort's relation prior to the harvest.
00:13:14.800 Winslow wrote,
00:13:15.480 But whereas his people come very often and very many together unto us,
00:13:20.440 bringing for the most part their wives and children with them, they were welcome.
00:13:24.560 Yet we being but strangers as yet at New Plymouth,
00:13:27.520 and not knowing how our corn might prosper,
00:13:29.820 we could no longer give them such entertainment as we had done
00:13:32.900 and as we desired still to do.
00:13:35.640 Unfortunately, these friendly relations and peace between the natives and pilgrims would not last,
00:13:40.660 which is where the darker part of the story begins to take shape.
00:13:43.380 The alliance between the Wampanoags and the pilgrims would function relatively well for a few decades,
00:13:48.980 with both sides working to defend each other against the French and other local tribes.
00:13:53.260 But by the time that Massasoit's son, Metacomet, also known to the English as King Philip,
00:13:58.340 had inherited leadership of the tribe, relations had begun to fray.
00:14:01.980 King Philip began using tribal alliances to coordinate efforts to push European colonists
00:14:07.260 out of the New England area. Many of the native tribes in the region wanted to push out the
00:14:11.840 colonists following conflicts over land use and diminished hunting as a consequence of the
00:14:16.280 expanding European settlements. A final spark ignited the conflict when a converted native
00:14:21.340 man named John Sassaman, who had served as an interpreter to the New England colonists,
00:14:25.940 was ambushed and assassinated. A jury of colonists and Indian elders convicted and
00:14:30.680 executed three Wampanoag men for his murder. War was officially declared in 1675 by the New
00:14:36.440 England colonies, leading to a bloody and devastating war for both sides. In an article
00:14:41.540 published in the Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Montclair State University professor Robert Cray
00:14:46.600 said the death toll could have been up to 30% of the English population and half of the Native
00:14:51.440 Americans in New England. And while that's hardly the end of this tale, it's a good place to stop
00:14:56.500 for the purposes of this part of the episode.
00:14:58.920 Now it's time to move on to the question that's been burning in all your minds
00:15:02.460 since I read those terribly lackluster Bradford and Winslow writings about the Harvest Feast.
00:15:07.740 Or at least I assume this question has been burning in your minds.
00:15:10.640 Otherwise, why are you still here?
00:15:12.720 That question being, how did three paragraphs of
00:15:15.880 we had a great harvest and ate a big meal get turned into a national holiday,
00:15:19.980 which is part of a nationalistic mythology of America's past?
00:15:23.620 First, I think it's important to explain what I meant at the beginning of the episode
00:15:27.140 when I said that this was not actually a Thanksgiving by the standards of the pilgrims.
00:15:31.900 A Thanksgiving would have included fasting and prayer and would have been religious in nature.
00:15:36.360 The events in 1621 were celebratory, not necessarily religious.
00:15:40.520 This was a party, a harvest feast which had little to do with religion,
00:15:44.080 at least as far as anything with the pilgrims had little to do with religion.
00:15:47.980 Later, actual thanksgivings involving religious prayer and fasting to give thanks to God
00:15:53.100 would be recorded by the colonists, notably in 1637 and 1676, both of which occurred after bloody
00:16:00.260 victories in which they defeated natives in battle, such as the end of King Philip's war in 1676,
00:16:05.780 which involved the Plymouth men mounting the head of Metacomet, or King Philip, above their town on
00:16:11.440 a pike where it remained for two decades, while his dismembered and unburied body decomposed.
00:16:17.360 Understandably, that makes for a less heartwarming story for children to perform pageants about at
00:16:21.640 school. We also know that this wasn't the first time that a friendly feast was celebrated between
00:16:26.380 European colonists and native tribes. For instance, in 1565, nearly 60 years before the Plymouth Feast,
00:16:32.960 a Spanish fleet came ashore and planted a cross on the beach to christen the new settlement of
00:16:37.320 St. Augustine in what is now Florida. To celebrate the arrival, 800 Spanish settlers shared a feast
00:16:43.420 with the native tribe. I mean, look, European colonists and explorers have been arriving in
00:16:48.040 the New World since 1492. It beggars belief that anyone could think that it wasn't until 1621 that
00:16:54.780 some of them bothered to sit down and have a meal with each other. The colonists weren't usually
00:16:59.240 nice to the natives, but there had been semi-friendly relations from time to time between
00:17:03.740 Columbus and the Mayflower. So this was neither the first feast nor an actual Thanksgiving, but
00:17:09.060 how did we get from the truth to what we learn in our November lessons in second grade? On October
00:17:14.140 3rd 1789 george washington issued his thanksgiving proclamation designating for the people of the
00:17:19.860 united states a day of public thanksgiving to be held on thursday the 26th day of november
00:17:24.940 marking the first national celebration of the holiday in 1841 the reverend alexander young
00:17:31.100 explicitly linked three things in his book chronicles of the pilgrim fathers of the colony
00:17:35.560 of plymouth the 1621 rejoicing the tradition of autumn harvest festivals and the name thanksgiving
00:17:41.880 in a one-line footnote. The line, this was the first Thanksgiving, the great festival of New
00:17:47.820 England. But we would not have an actual official national holiday for Thanksgiving until 1863,
00:17:53.380 when President Abraham Lincoln called for an annual celebration to be held on the final
00:17:57.760 Thursday of November. And it wasn't until this post-Civil War period that we began to see what
00:18:02.940 we would now consider to be modern Thanksgiving rituals beginning to take shape. For instance,
00:18:08.340 football and thanksgiving 13 years after the institution of the national holiday the first
00:18:13.460 football game played on thanksgiving was the intercollegiate football association championship
00:18:18.500 in 1876 the game and the holiday became so connected that by 1893 the new york herald
00:18:24.620 called thanksgiving the official holiday for watching football the nfl played its first game
00:18:29.760 on thanksgiving in 1920 for those of you that care it was yale versus princeton yale won two to zero
00:18:36.000 I hate that I know this fact, because I hate football.
00:18:39.700 Don't come for me about this, because you will not convince me to like this sport,
00:18:43.420 and it will be a waste of time for both of us.
00:18:45.860 I just think it's rather odd that a nation that prides itself on its virility
00:18:49.420 should feel compelled to strap on 40 pounds of protective gear just in order to play rugby.
00:18:54.180 Then there's another Thanksgiving tradition, pardoning the turkey,
00:18:57.260 which is an extremely weird tradition no matter how you look at it, to be honest.
00:19:01.460 It's often stated that President Lincoln's 1863 clemency to a turkey
00:19:05.580 recorded in an 1865 dispatch by a White House reporter, was the origin for the pardoning
00:19:10.960 ceremony. A few other instances of this would pop up during the Kennedy, Nixon, and Carter
00:19:15.980 presidencies, but it wouldn't be until 1981 that the practice would become the norm under President
00:19:21.040 Reagan. The turkey ceremony also became a source of satire and humor for reporters.
00:19:26.820 The tradition of a harmonious Pilgrim Wampanoag feast would come in the 19th century as well,
00:19:31.780 alongside a desperate attempt to find an acceptable national creation tale.
00:19:36.600 Carla Pastana, in her 1993 article, The Quaker Executions as Myth in History, puts it this way,
00:19:43.040 the pilgrims who established the inconsequential settlement of Plymouth Plantation won pride of
00:19:47.940 place in the national creation tale during the 19th century, primarily because they were not
00:19:52.780 implicated in the acts of religious persecution and could be admired as uncompromised advocates
00:19:57.820 of liberty. The more significant Puritans of Massachusetts Bay left a more conflicted legacy,
00:20:03.480 one that Americans grapple with to this day. Because as you'll remember from episode 7,
00:20:09.000 Puritans were hypocrites who actually weren't big on religious freedom at all, or any freedom for
00:20:13.900 that matter, which presented a major problem to the nationalistic identity of America as a country
00:20:19.420 founded on the ideology of liberty. In the article Monumental Mobility, The Memory Work of Massasoit,
00:20:25.580 The authors point out that the holiday myth of the first Thanksgiving began to spread as anti-immigration sentiments in the late 19th century were looking for a hero to present as the perfect national founders.
00:20:37.100 And they found the Pilgrims to be the perfect archetype for their mythology.
00:20:40.740 White, Protestant, Democratic, and blessed with an American character that was centered on family, work, individualism, freedom, and faith.
00:20:48.640 I would personally argue that that is a terrible interpretation of everything that the Pilgrims and Puritans stood for.
00:20:54.480 But when it's propaganda, facts don't matter.
00:20:57.780 And it was propaganda, plain and simple.
00:21:00.220 But if you've made it through nine episodes of this show, that shouldn't exactly be a big surprise by now.
00:21:05.620 That's it for today's show.
00:21:07.020 It never ceases to shock me that people actually like hearing me bitch about history,
00:21:11.300 but so far the analytics page says that people are actually listening, so thanks for tuning in.
00:21:16.780 Normally this is a spot where I'd let you know what the next episode of the show is going to be about,
00:21:21.360 but to be honest, I'm not quite sure yet.
00:21:23.500 it's Pride Month, which means that I want to squeeze in a couple of episodes about queer history,
00:21:27.920 but I'm debating a couple of different topics, and I guess you'll just have to be surprised on
00:21:31.960 Thursday. Or follow me on TikTok. Sometimes I post about upcoming episodes before they come out.
00:21:37.680 What I do know for sure is that on June 19th, I'll be talking about the history of the Quakers
00:21:41.720 and the abolition movement, and on June 22nd, I'll be teaming up with another history account
00:21:46.180 on TikTok to do an episode on the history of drag in America, which should be a great episode,
00:21:50.740 so please make sure to tune in for that also if you do follow me on tiktok i will soon be hosting
00:21:56.100 a history and drinks live sometime this month where i and several other historians on tiktok
00:22:01.320 are going to go live and talk about history and answer your questions while getting mildly tipsy
00:22:05.640 which admittedly could turn out to be a horrible idea but i guess we'll find out
00:22:10.840 thanks for listening and i'll see you back here on thursday
00:22:20.740 Thank you.