00:00:00.000class is in session how you guys doing it is unlearn 16 and it's just me you just get me on
00:00:09.180this podcast but i'm gonna go a little bit of a different route this is something i've never done
00:00:14.340before so you guys can be my first i'm gonna talk about a lesson plan that i'm sort of in the middle
00:00:20.620of i'm gonna explain it to you why i did it how it came about what i'm including all of it right
00:00:27.900I'll try to go piece by piece by piece. Or if anybody wants to like sort of mimic it or use it
00:00:33.560or whatever, have at it. This is my gift. Or maybe it's not a gift. I don't know. You haven't even
00:00:39.440heard it yet. So maybe you're going to think, wow, that sounds horrible. All right, here's how it
00:00:43.560started. Can I ask Americans one question before we get started? How, how is it that you don't get
00:00:49.900to know what happened to JFK until 2038? And you're all just okay with that? You're walking
00:00:57.380around down there, you're like buying stuff, going to Taylor Swift concerts, you know, fighting about
00:01:02.320house prices. Meanwhile, there's a whole government conspiracy that you guys are like,
00:01:07.880we'll find out about that later. It blows my mind, guys. Truly blows my mind.
00:01:14.700So here's what it is. I've always been, you know, in a healthy way, fascinated with the JFK
00:01:20.260conspiracy, who did it, Oswald, Ruby, you know, all of these different players. I don't know why
00:01:26.460only two came to my head at that moment. So I have stuff in my classroom. I've always had the
00:01:31.840JFK movie in my classroom. So kids have noticed it. Mostly they don't ask about it because they
00:01:36.800don't know what it is. But this year I was at Aberfoyle Market in Guelph. And as I was there,
00:01:43.820I came across the old time magazine photo of Lee Harvey Oswald holding the gun. Remember where the
00:01:50.800shadows were wrong? Like the shadow under his chin and compared to everything else. Anyway,
00:01:55.180so I purchased it and I brought it to school and it was on my desk. And a little while ago,
00:02:00.000about, I guess, two weeks ago now, I teach a grade seven and eight world issues class,
00:02:06.180if you will. It's sort of an extra class that we do on top of all the other curriculum that
00:02:11.620they already do. And the point of this class, the reason why I created it and the way I've
00:02:16.160structured it is very much on the basis of a few things. Number one, I want it to be timely. So I
00:02:23.700sort of pick things. I change the course every semester that I teach it. And I pick things that
00:02:28.840are timely in that year. So for example, one of the units this year is AI. Of course it's AI. We
00:02:34.900have to talk about AI. I will start them with Terminator, as you should. But then we'll go
00:02:40.360into all the different aspects about AI and benefits and consequences and downfalls and all
00:02:45.260of that kind of stuff. Skynet. That'll be a footnote. But nonetheless, so I have this
00:02:51.680magazine on my desk and I'm talking to the kids. We're actually in the diversity and equity unit.
00:02:56.700We're doing all this stuff. These kids are amazing, by the way. They're just like doing
00:02:59.700all of this research. I have it very much focused, not only on current events, but on them doing the
00:03:06.720research, not just doing a little bit of research, not just doing Wikipedia research, but doing
00:03:11.000research and then checking their research and then coming up with counter arguments to their
00:03:15.300research. So I have all of finding out what a legitimate source is. Why is it legitimate? How
00:03:21.100can I contradict that? All of those kinds of things. This is all a grade seven and eight. A
00:03:25.340lot of people will be like, Joanna, that's too hard for grade seven and eight. And I would say
00:03:28.360to them, you don't know what a 12 and 13 year old is capable of. They're brilliant. They're driven.
00:03:34.500And they really genuinely want to learn more and have big discussions. And that's another thing my
00:03:41.000course is focused on. Big discussions, big debates, critical thinking and analysis. That's it. I don't
00:03:48.600make them sit down once a month and once a unit and write a memorization test where they have to
00:03:53.640write down definitions and they have to write down years. No, that's not the point. The point
00:03:57.980is actually, I usually give them a critical question. They can look at their notes. They
00:04:03.280can do, you know, they can look at their notes. They can look at their definitions. It doesn't
00:04:06.820really matter. But I give them critical and analytical questions that they then have to sit
00:04:11.820and think about and come up with some original thought based on the work we've done in that class,
00:04:19.120the work they've done, and the work their classmates have done, right? So it's very
00:04:23.800collaborative, but very much everybody's responsible for their own backyard, so to speak.0.83
00:04:30.140So all of this is true. And this group of grades seven and eights, I don't know if they're
00:04:34.480listening. I don't want this to go to their head, but they're particularly fantastic this year.
00:04:39.620And I have this magazine on my desk and one of them walks by and goes, huh, what's that? And I said, oh, it's Lee Harvey Oswald, you know, the guy that they said shot JFK. And he's like, well, guys, in that minute, and I don't know if all teachers can do this in all circumstances.
00:04:59.640is I know I work at a very unique school and I have a very sort of breadth of, you know, I can
00:05:06.700do a lot of different things in my day. But at that moment, I sat back, I took a deep breath and
00:05:11.240went, well, now we have to add a unit or now we have to add this in. So I said to the kids, I go,
00:05:17.900guys, who knows about the JFK assassination conspiracy? And maybe a few put up their hands.
00:05:23.360I'm like, what do you know? They didn't know much. I said, we're putting a pause on what we're doing.
00:05:28.780we'll come back to it. We're doing this now. And so I have JFK, Oliver Stone in my hand. I said,
00:05:36.180we're going to watch this movie. We're going to talk about JFK. We're going to talk about,
00:05:39.980and I gave a little, like a brief kind of synopsis. I didn't want to lead them too much.
00:05:43.760I just talked about, he was assassinated. They blamed this one guy. The whole world thinks the
00:05:48.800one guy didn't do it. And this movie is basically reflecting on that culture and that time and that
00:05:54.960piece of Americana. And they looked at me and they go, is it a documentary? But first of all,
00:06:00.660kids like documentaries. Don't let them fool you. You put on a decent documentary and they are
00:06:04.600sold. They just don't want to be told it's a documentary. I said, no, no, no, it's not a
00:06:08.820documentary. It's fiction. But because it's fiction, it's going to be harder. And they're
00:06:14.560like, what do you mean? I said, well, guys, I'm not just letting you watch a movie. And they're
00:06:18.540like, oh, I'm like, we need to delve into the movie. We need to ask questions about the movie.
00:06:24.560we need to find out what parts of the movie were true, what parts were fiction, why the parts were
00:06:29.620fiction, how did that detract or add to the story. I go, we got to go all in here. So if you guys
00:06:35.240aren't all in, I get it. We'll go back to doing the other stuff we were doing, you know, and all
00:06:40.040of a sudden they're all in. Okay. Now for anybody that's seen JFK, there's a few scenes that let's
00:06:47.220say aren't PG, even though the movie I think might be PG or maybe AA. There's a couple of scenes
00:06:54.000because there's the insinuation and the speculation that Clay Shaw, one of the main characters played
00:07:01.060by, who was it, Tommy Douglas, is gay. But it's not just that he's gay. He's gay and it's hidden
00:07:08.080and it's underground. So there's like scenes with like a whole bunch of people in a scene, maybe0.83
00:07:13.040with, it's not incredibly sexually explicit, but it's enough. I'm not showing it to my grade seven
00:07:18.780and eights. And there's a lot of drug use and stuff like that. So as we start, I go, guys,
00:07:23.740here's the deal. There's a few scenes that we're going to have to skip. They mean nothing to the
00:07:27.840plot of the movie. And they're like, oh, come on. And they're like, well, they must be violent or
00:07:35.560something. I'm like, well, no. Well, what's in them, Joanna? We don't want to miss any parts of
00:07:39.060this movie. And I said, listen, there's a couple of scenes that are sexually explicit. That's not
00:07:44.440for your age bracket. I'm not into that. And within those same scenes, there's some drug use.
00:07:49.600I'm not into that either. And they're like, oh, okay. Okay. Now, the funny part is I kind of have
00:07:54.920to sit right beside the thing with the remote control because I've seen the movie a lot,
00:07:59.300but I don't remember. There's like three times they kind of do flashbacks to the scene.
00:08:04.420And I don't remember exactly where they are. So I'm relatively nervous. You also should know this.
00:08:10.580I have a, my DVD player is a PlayStation. Yeah, a PlayStation. So I have a controller,
00:08:18.500not a remote. Like I have an actual PlayStation controller, which of things being equal,
00:08:24.360I don't know how to use. I know how to press a bunch of buttons when I'm fighting Mortal Kombat,
00:08:28.960which is why I bought the system in the first place, but I don't know how to use it when it
00:08:32.020comes to DVD. So every time, like I'm trying to fast forward, I don't know how to fast forward or
00:08:35.400skip a scene. So I'm asking the kids and they're saying, press zero, press X. It's a whole thing.
00:08:40.300But nonetheless, so I'm sitting right beside it with the controller in my hand, all the while
00:08:45.540thinking I'm just going to skip these couple scenes. Oh, that's not the case at all, guys.
00:08:50.720Because when you have a kid that's interested in something, when you have a kid that you've
00:08:55.680sparked something, and that's not me. It was accidental, right? It was an accidental thing.
00:09:02.480They saw the magazine. I had a five-minute conversation. All of a sudden, I found a room
00:09:06.820or 14 kids going, yes, we want to do that. My ability to pivot to that is something that I'm
00:09:15.420very proud of and something that is very sometimes difficult to do as a teacher, but it's definitely
00:09:20.920something I wanted to do. But don't think that I just created it magically and all of a sudden
00:09:25.380was interesting. I kind of, it was fished, right? Like I kind of like threw out something, I reeled
00:09:30.960them in. I'm like, oh, they got a big one here. They like this. So I'm sitting there and as I'm
00:09:35.420sitting there. I don't know if you guys remember the movie very well, but the first 10 minutes of
00:09:38.940the movie, maybe not even, it goes through a whole bunch of things that happened sort of right as
00:09:44.980Kennedy becomes president. Like just everything. It talks about the Vietnam War, the military
00:09:50.240industrial complex, Bay of Pigs, FBI, CIA, the mob, who got elected, beating Nixon,
00:09:57.240bought stolen election by joking. Guys, there is so much information jam-packed into that 10 minutes.
00:10:02.700I can't even explain it to you, but I had to explain it to them because every time they listed
00:10:08.360something, the kid would put up their hand and they'd say, oh, what's that? Military, industrial
00:10:13.300what? And I paused the movie. Now, here's the beauty of it. You know, sometimes you have to
00:10:19.420like force kids to take notes. Like it's like, it's a real tooth pulling exercise. I said to
00:10:27.840them, you're going to be doing an assignment on this. Actually, we're going to be doing three
00:10:31.220assignments, but you're going to be doing a written assignment on this. So it, it, it's good
00:10:35.680if you take notes as we go. So if there's something you don't understand or you don't, whatever they
00:10:39.520ask me and we'll pause it. I didn't know how deep kids, sometimes there'd be classes, they'd be
00:10:44.120watched the whole thing and never really care. And they'll go do it later off Wikipedia. Um,
00:10:48.960but these kids stopped me at every term, right? Military industrial complex. What is that?
00:10:55.260Who's Eisenhower? How long was he president? What did he do? What was the CIA? When was the CIA
00:11:00.080created? What kind of powers do they have? How is that different than the FBI? Guys,
00:11:04.320it took us a period to get through 10 minutes. This is how this movie was going to play out
00:11:10.760because it's very, very dense, right? So I'm answering all of these questions. I give them
00:11:17.920background into the mafia and Joe Kennedy's connections. I give them background to the CIA,
00:11:23.200the FBI, Eisenhower, Vietnam, the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis, all of it.
00:11:31.140So I'm painting all of these different pictures. And as I'm painting these pictures, they're
00:11:34.520writing furiously because they're like, well, this is important. Bay of Pigs, right? You know,0.51
00:11:40.220and some of them have their phones and they're typing 3000 words per minute. And, you know,
00:11:45.440I get to like the Cuban Missile Crisis and they're like, what can we watch that movie next?
00:11:48.960because I have 13 days, and that's a great movie based on Robert McNamara's journal during that
00:11:54.680time period. Anyways, they're in. They're 100% in. Now, after that part goes, we then get into
00:12:00.020the movie, and I'm still sitting there because, well, I'm terrified of those three scenes with
00:12:04.720Tommy Lee Douglas, and who was it? No, not Al Pacino. Oh, I can't remember the other character.
00:12:13.340Kevin Bacon was in a lot of those scenes. Kevin, you made my job very hard. But nonetheless,
00:12:17.780so I'm sitting there and I'm pausing often okay so we find out the assassination happens right
00:12:24.900away and the kids are like wait but we want to see the film I go guys wait I go this is this is
00:12:29.240the long play this follows Jim Garrison they're like oh but he's not a real guy I'm like yes he
00:12:35.280is they're like what he really and I go the whole movie is about building up to the trial
00:12:42.100he is going to take you know this individual I try not to ruin it for him but this individual
00:12:48.260to court for the conspiracy I said this whole movie is a bill to the trial you're like oh my
00:12:53.320god that really happened I said yes yes it did but there's going to be all of these pieces as
00:12:58.880we go through some of them are going to be provable fact that actually happened and you're
00:13:03.460going to be able to double check that and go back and some of them Oliver Stone made up and
00:13:08.020perspectives he made up, especially when we get to the tail end and some of this sort of grandiose
00:13:14.780expectations on what could have happened, what might have happened. But also the what might
00:13:19.740have happened that happens in the trial, that's all Jim Garrison. Real guy, real trial, real
00:13:26.120closing remarks. So a lot of those remarks would have been true. Guys, it's taken us a solid week
00:13:33.500to watch this movie and they are in every day they are absolutely in and tomorrow they want to
00:13:41.180re-watch the um court scene because there's a lot of information that they're they're like well
00:13:47.220Joanna there was just so much like did they actually arrest that person and never actually
00:13:51.380you know take their witness testimony did that person get taken down to the station but they
00:13:55.340were never in the Warren Commission why wasn't that person in the Warren Commission guys I'm
00:13:59.960about five minutes away with this group of kids having a fundraiser so we can raise the $4,700
00:14:05.700and buy all, what is it, 26 volumes of the Warren Commission report. They're in. That's how deep
00:14:12.880they're in, okay? Because there's a scene where he starts to read. He's like, what is he reading?
00:14:17.520And I'm like, well, this is the Warren Commission. I explained who Earl Warren is and blah, blah,
00:14:20.940blah. Totally it. So we're going to have to go back and do that. Now, that's amazing and that's
00:14:28.140fantastic. And I know that this is really, really heavy, muddy sort of levels of academia and thought
00:14:37.420and analysis and review. And I get it. Nobody's looking for these 12 and 13 year olds to do this
00:14:44.720perfectly. But I'm looking for them to do it with passion, with intelligence, and with a level of
00:14:53.680work ethic to understand that truth is muddy. I'm a history teacher, guys. I'm a social science
00:15:02.180teacher. Truth is muddy. There's a quote that comes near the end of the thing. And if I stop
00:15:11.180the movie and I say, guys, you got to take this note. It's like I have 14 stenographers,
00:15:16.560all little tiny stenographers ready to go. Okay, go ahead. How do you spell that? What?
00:15:20.360What did she say? How did she spell it? So there's a very famous quote at the end of the movie.
00:15:26.880I think it's Shakespearean. And it says something to the effect of, and I'm sure some of you will
00:15:31.280correct me in my comments. I don't have it in front of me right now. Treason doth never prosper,
00:15:37.100for if it does, they dare not call it treason. And I told the kids that. And they're like,
00:15:42.160okay, I'll get it down. They understand what doth means and they're okay.
00:16:09.440And then they get to write, because they have all the power, all the money, all the control.
00:16:13.540Then they get to write about who the losers are and all of their failings and all of their shortcomings and all of the horrific things they engaged in while this other heroic side was taking center stage.
00:16:29.060I said that's very much true in a lot of ways.
00:16:32.220and in history really important for them to understand the idea of there being a clean
00:16:40.560black and white answer to anything doesn't exist it doesn't exist but the cool part of this course
00:16:49.240is that what matters is your quest to get as close to the truth as you can read as many sources as
00:16:58.240you can possibly get a hold of, listen to perspectives, listen to analysis, listen to
00:17:05.360other people's opinions and what sources they draw information on, because that is a level
00:17:12.700of critical power, intellectual power. And if you can do that, there's nothing stopping you.
00:17:18.780I don't need you to take a test to memorize that. I need you to bust your butt every single day. So1.00
00:17:24.260guys, they're all in. Now, I'm not going to stop there. I know I'm giving you guys a little bit
00:17:28.000of a lesson plan. So there's a written part. So right now they're in the, they're in the thick
00:17:32.660of the weeds, so to speak. So their job is to create bullet notes of things that were true in
00:17:38.080the movie and they can prove and how they can prove them. And I need citation, the whole nine
00:17:42.080yards and things that were absolutely false. They can prove them otherwise. And then a third piece
00:17:49.480of paper about things that they can't prove to be true, but nobody can prove them to be false.
00:17:55.820They were conjectures. They were, you know, um, guests, their best guests, given the information
00:18:01.400that they had. So I have them making this sort of three pronged attack at trying to get out the
00:18:07.880information. And then I send them away. And one of my students goes home and he re because we got
00:18:15.160to the magic bullet, bullet theory. And he guys, he's a sketch artist. He recreates the magic
00:18:22.080bullet theory on this piece of paper. He goes, Joe, I did something last night. Do you want to
00:18:25.660see it? I said, yeah, I do. Hands it to me. I wish I had it with me right now. Guys, it is sketched
00:18:31.100perfection of the magic bullet theory. And if you've seen the movie, there's a, there's a sketch
00:18:35.920that happens. There's like this drawing where he shows how the bullet, you know, went through both
00:18:41.380Connelly and JFK and he's redone it. I'm like, this is amazing. I go, can you, are you just an
00:18:46.800artist? He's like, I'm okay. Guys, he's not okay. Fantastic. So project number two. So project
00:18:54.320number one is the academic one, the debate, the discussion, and we're going to have lots of
00:18:57.860discussion and debate as we're doing it as a class because they're going to research, come back and
00:19:01.820talk, research, come back and talk. Then we're going to do a, he's going to draw it bigger.
00:19:06.480So he's going to sketch this bigger, maybe, you know, like a good size canvas. And what we're
00:19:12.480going to do then is find quotes and pieces of information and pictures and whatever. And we're
00:19:18.440going to fill the bodies with a whole bunch of facts and pieces of evidence and visual images.
00:19:26.920So it fills both of their bodies. And we're going to draw the magic bullet theory. And I said,
00:19:31.660guys, I want you to start thinking of things that are metaphoric for this. And they all sit there
00:19:36.080and look at each other like metaphoric. What do you mean metaphoric? Did you look up, tell me,
00:19:39.560type in metaphor. Here's what I mean. So we do art. We don't just want to do what it is. We want
00:19:46.160to do maybe what the implications are. So for example, the big question of this movie isn't
00:19:53.440who shot JFK. I go, the big question of this movie is, and I wait. And one kid, swear to God,
00:20:04.000typing their whatever why now it was said in the movie at some point and I'm like why was he shot
00:20:15.380the who is the distraction why is what matters we get lost in the who what where why you know who
00:20:26.340what where and when because it's easy and it's clear and it's like very discernible but the why
00:20:32.300guys, the why is where history lives. The why is politics. The why is human nature. The why
00:20:41.140is every cultural revolution and amazing or horrible thing that has ever happened in this
00:20:49.040world. It is the why that matters. I go, so when we're drawing things like the bullet,
00:20:56.360I don't want you to think of it as he was killed by a bullet. I want you to think about it and I
00:21:01.720want you to give me a metaphor about the bullet representing the why. And some of the kids start
00:21:10.720giving examples. Well, power, control, things like that, right? So we're tossing that back around.
00:21:17.180But I just want them out of their head. Because I feel as though young kids get stuck, unfortunately.
00:21:23.480And this is a huge problem in the educational system. We have a lot of kids to get through.
00:21:28.500We want them to do really well. We want, you know, them to get a good breadth of information.
00:21:35.180But by doing so, we don't give them a lot of time to think and be creative and be critical and really sit with thought.
00:21:42.960We're too busy trying to get them to memorize so many, you know, who's and when and how.
00:21:49.360Too many memorizations of all of those points, especially in the social sciences.
00:21:53.340But the why, the why is where the magic happens.
00:21:57.260So we're starting to talk about that. And I go, guys, I don't think, I think we have to do another
00:22:01.660project. And they're like, what do you mean another project? I'm just like stacking, by the way,
00:22:06.540this is extra, right? I'm just stacking these projects up. And I said, listen, and we get to
00:22:12.780the end. And I said, you see that scale model he showed? And they're like, yeah. One of those kids
00:22:19.260look at me and goes you want us to build that i said yeah yeah i do and and and you could see them
00:22:27.900all kind of go how are we gonna like very much backpedal right because it on the movie i mean
00:22:35.260it's a beautiful scale model of it right it looks intimidating i go okay listen guys we're gonna
00:22:41.340spend a little time we're gonna do a little research there could be a kit there could be
00:22:44.780whatever we will find people in cars to be scale and then and we'll buy those you're not going to
00:22:51.100make people and then and then everything else will will make to scale and and i'll get boards and and
00:22:58.940and we'll hang it in the school once we are done you've done this amazing fantastic piece that
00:23:05.500people will look at and go jfk assassination so i sprung that on them today so they're they're
00:23:11.740looking at that and they're going okay but you can see them right now kind of going what can we use
00:23:17.500for the grass okay we could paint that how are we going to build the bridge you know what i mean
00:23:22.140like what kind of and so what i did of course is i went down to the art teacher and i said listen i
00:23:27.340have these two great ideas what do you think can you pivot a little bit in your class so we can
00:23:31.260we can wheel this in at same time and i was like absolutely we're in now it's amazing when you get
00:23:40.380that, right? And I know a lot of you are asking, where's your rubric? I could give a crap. I'd say
00:23:47.420that to the Ministry of Education myself. They have learned more in a week than most grade seven
00:23:53.720and eights have learned in social science all semester. And that's no damnation of anybody
00:23:58.720else. That's just simply because I was able to pivot. Now, at my school, Metro's different,
00:24:06.200OK, we have five courses a day. The grade seven and eights go a lot longer. They actually do our courses. It's our periods. It's way different than elementary school. But I've often said, I think that we treat our grade seven and eights too much like children when they're actually brilliant young adults. And not only are they brilliant, not only are they smart enough to do everything. And I've said this to them many a time. I'm like, guys, you could run a household.
00:24:34.620and they're looking at me like, what do you mean? I'm like, you can learn how to cook.
00:24:39.040You can learn how to do laundry. You can clean. You can take care of your animals. You can take
00:24:43.160care of your siblings. What task couldn't you do at your house right now? Let's say that your
00:24:50.960parents can do. You know, one of the kids put up his hand, well, my dad's a plumber. I'm like,
00:24:56.080pause. Nobody's trying to be a plumber. Nobody's a hero. I'm not, I can't, I have to call somebody.
00:25:00.880There are always people that adults have to call. Adults can't do everything. I go, but you're that smart. So when you step into my classroom, I'm treating you like that. The world might not treat you like that. Your parents may or may not treat you like that, but I am. So my expectations are here.
00:25:18.060Now, for some kids, it feels a little overwhelming in the beginning.
00:25:20.560So for those kids, you tell them how great they are more often.
00:25:25.100But what I have found is that if you give kids a space to think and express themselves
00:25:31.740and bat ideas back and forth, it's amazing how much more creatively analytical they actually
00:25:41.580are because they don't yet care as much about what their friends have to say around them.
00:25:49.960You know, the guy or the girl they have a crush on. They're not quite there yet. So they're not
00:25:56.080too busy. They don't, if they're wrong, oh well. Right? Because when kids get into grade nine,
00:26:03.360um you know puberty is hits and it's the great equalizer and so when it hits
00:26:08.640it it mutes that it mutes all of that not for every kid not to the same degree but it really
00:26:16.020mutes that and it makes them very they're very much more aware of marks and they're very much
00:26:21.840more way of aware of tests and who got what what did you get and what do I need to get into the
00:26:26.360right university because if I don't do that I'm going to die alone and sad whereas grades seven
00:26:31.900and eights aren't there yet. So the point of this class and the point of this assignment
00:26:37.220to reiterate is to get them inspired, to get them committed, to get them understanding how hard it
00:26:45.540is to dig to the truth, how much work they have to go through, how many different alleyways they
00:26:51.180are going to have to go down. But that is learning. That is education, not the paper at the end,
00:26:57.220not the paper at the end you know so by the time they're in grade 10 11 and 12 and they go off to
00:27:03.920university those skill sets are firmly embedded and they're firmly embedded with the knowledge
00:27:09.300I hope my goal in life is they walk out of my room and they think and they know that they're
00:27:19.640smart capable intelligent individuals with the ability to critically analyze come up with a
00:27:27.200original thought of their own that matters, that has weight, that people want to listen
00:27:34.620to, adults are impressed by, and that is what's going to change the world.